Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure, or business purposes, usually of a limited duration. Tourism is commonly associated with trans-national travel, but may also refer to travel to another location within the same country. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.
Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country's balance of payments. Today, tourism is major source of income for many countries, and affects the economy of both the source and host countries, in some cases it is of vital importance.
Significance of tourism
Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many countries. Its importance was recognized in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 as "an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational, and economic sectors of national societies and on their international relations.Tourism brings in large amounts of income into a local economy in the form of payment for goods and services needed by tourists, accounting for 30% of the world's trade of services, and 6% of overall exports of goods and servicesIt also creates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy associated with tourism.
The service industries which benefit from tourism include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships, and taxicabs; hospitality services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts; and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues, and theatres. This is in addition to goods bought by tourists, including souvenirs, clothing and other supplies.
Definitions
In 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign
tourist as "someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four
hours". Its successor, the United Nations, amended this
definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.
In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined tourism as people who travel "the
sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of
non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent
residence and are not connected with any earning activity. In 1976, the Tourism Society of
England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement
of people to destination outside the
places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay
at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes." In 1981, the International
Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of
particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home.
In 1994, the United Nations identified
three forms of tourism in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics:
- Domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country traveling only within this country.
- Inbound tourism, involving non-residents traveling in the given country.
- Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country.
The terms tourism and travel are sometimes used
interchangeably. In this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism,
but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist
are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or
locations visited by tourists.
Kinds of tour/types of tourism
1. 'Dark tourism' is a different type of
tourist attraction. It is the travel to sites associated with death and
suffering. Dark tourism or than otourism is tourism involving travel to sites
associated with death and suffering.
2. Armchair/Virtual tourism Not travelling
physically but exploring the world through internet, books, TV, etc.
3. Cultural tourism It includes tourism in
urban areas, particularly historic or large cities and their cultural
facilities such as museums and theaters. It’s the subset of tourism concerned
with a country or region’s culture, especially its arts.
4. Pop-culture Tour This tour is by visiting
a particular location after seeing it in a film or reading about it.
5. Perpetual Tour A wealthy individual always
on vacation, some of them for tax purposes, to avoid being resident in any
country.
6. Niche Tourism Physical activity or
sports-oriented that includes the following: ~>adventure tourism,
agri-tourism, audio tourism, educational tourism, extreme tourism, heritage
tourism, garden tourism, health tourism, eco- tourism, ancestry tourism, rural
tourism, bio- tourism, bookstore tourism, creative tourism, music and dance
tourism, mystical tourism and winter tourism.
7. Adventure tourism is a type of niche
tourism involving exploration or travel to remote areas, where the traveler
should expect the unexpected. Adventure tourism is rapidly growing in
popularity as tourists seek unusual holidays, different from the typical beach
vacation. It also involves travelling into remote inaccessible and possibly
hostile areas. It may include the performance of acts that require significant
effort and effort and grid and may also involve some degree of risk.
8. various agricultural technology. It
describes the act of visiting a working farm or any agricultural, horticultural
or agribusiness operation to enjoy, be educated or be involved in activities.
Farm based tourism, helping to support the local agricultural economy.
9. A u d i o - t o u r i s m
10. Education al tourism It may involve
travelling to an educational institutional; a wooded retreat or some other
destination in order to take personal-interest classes, such as cooking classes
with a famous chef or crafts classes.
11. Extreme tourism It is a type of niche
tourism involving travel to dangerous places or participation in dangerous
events. It overlaps with extreme sport. The two share the main attraction,
adrenaline rush caused by an element of risk and different mostly in the degree
of engagement and professionalism.
12. Visiting botanical gardens famous places
in the history gardens such as Versailles and the Taj Mahal.
13. Health tourism It is usually used to
escape from cities or relieve stress; perhaps for some „fun in the sun‟,etc.
Often to “health spas”.
14. It is sustainable tourism which has
minimal impact on the environment, such as safari(Kenya), rainforest(Belize)
and hiking(Lapland) or national parks.
15. Ancestry tour (also known as genealogy
tourism) It’s aim is to trace one’s ancestry, visiting the birth places of
these ancestor’s and sometimes getting to know distant
16. Rural tour It implies not only natural
elements such as forest and mountains, but also the indigenous local
characteristics such as traditions, customs and folklore. Direct experience
with local people can be a unique selling point to attract tourists.
17. Bio Tourism
18. Winter Tourism Winter sports
contribute to winter tourism. Many water sports holiday packages are available
at places in many countries apart from Ski and Snow festival tours organized
annually. Skiing is extremely popular in the mountainous areas. Majority of the
event participants are from countries with a warm climate.
Positive & Negative Effects of Tourism
Tourism
can bring many economic and social benefits, particularly in rural areas and
developing countries, but mass tourism is also associated with negative
effects. Tourism can only be sustainable if it is carefully managed so that
potential negative effects on the host community and the environment are not
permitted to outweigh the financial benefits.
Economic Effects -- Positive
Tourism creates jobs, both through direct employment within the tourism industry and indirectly in sectors such as retail and transportation. When these people spend their wages on goods and services, it leads to what is known as the "multiplier effect," creating more jobs. The tourism industry also provides opportunities for small-scale business enterprises, which is especially important in rural communities, and generates extra tax revenues, such as airport and hotel taxes, which can be used for schools, housing and hospitals.Economic Effects -- Negative
Successful tourism relies on establishing a basic infrastructure, such as roads, visitor centers and hotels. The cost of this usually falls on the government, so it has to come out of tax revenues. Jobs created by tourism are often seasonal and poorly paid, yet tourism can push up local property prices and the cost of goods and services. Money generated by tourism does not always benefit the local community, as some of it leaks out to huge international companies, such as hotel chains. Destinations dependent on tourism can be adversely affected by events such as terrorism, natural disasters and economic recession.Social Effects -- Positive
The improvements to infrastructure and new leisure amenities that result from tourism also benefit the local community. Tourism encourages the preservation of traditional customs, handicrafts and festivals that might otherwise have been allowed to wane, and it creates civic pride. Interchanges between hosts and guests create a better cultural understanding and can also help raise global awareness of issues such as poverty and human rights abuses.Social Effects -- Negative
Visitor behavior can have a detrimental effect on the quality of life of the host community. For example, crowding and congestion, drugs and alcohol problems, prostitution and increased crime levels can occur. Tourism can even infringe on human rights, with locals being displaced from their land to make way for new hotels or barred from beaches. Interaction with tourists can also lead to an erosion of traditional cultures and values.Environmental Effects -- Positive
Tourism -- particularly nature and ecotourism -- helps promote conservation of wildlife and natural resources such as rain forests, as these are now regarded as tourism assets. It also helps generate funding for maintaining animal preserves and marine parks through entrance charges and guide fees. By creating alternative sources of employment, tourism reduces problems such as over-fishing and deforestation in developing nations.Environmental Effects -- Negative
Tourism poses a threat to a region's natural and cultural resources, such as water supply, beaches, coral reefs and heritage sites, through overuse. It also causes increased pollution through traffic emissions, littering, increased sewage production and noise.
Source:
Name : Ahmad Al-Ghany. S
Class : 1SA04
NPM : 10613395
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar